History of Civil Engineering & Architecture

              History of Civil Engineering

We all know that civil engineering is the oldest department in the world. Long-time ago, people understood engineering like civil engineering. 

 

 

So this article we will know the history of civil engineering. Please read the article completely.

 

It is difficult to determine the history of emergence and beginning of the civil engineering, however, that the history of civil engineering is a mirror of the history of human beings on this earth.

 

The man used the old shelter caves to protect themselves of weather and harsh environment, and used a tree trunk to cross the river, which is the demonstration of ancient age civil engineering.

 

Civil Engineering has been an the aspect of life since the beginning of human existence. The earliest practices of Civil, Engg may have commenced between 4000 and 2000 BC in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia (Ancient Irag) when humans stated to abandon a nomadic existence, thus causing a need for the construction of shelter.

 

During that time, transportation became increasingly important leading to the development of the wheel and sailing.

 

Until modern times there was no the clear distinction between civil Engg and architecture, and the term engineer and architect were mainly geographical vibrations referring to the same person, often used interchangeably.

 

The construction of pyramids in Egypt (circa 2700-2500 BC) might be considered the first instances of large structure constructions.

 

Around 2250 BC, Imhotep, the first documented engineer built a famous stepped pyramid for King Djoser located at Saqqara Necropolis. 

 

With simple tools and mathematics, he created a monument that stands to this day. His greatest contribution to engineering was his discovery of the art of building with shaped stones. 

 

Those who followed him carried engineering to remarkable height using skill and imagination.

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Ancient historic civil engineering constructions include the Qanat water management system (the oldest older than 3000 years and longer than 71 km), the Parthenon by Iktinos in Ancient Greece (447-438 BC), the Appian Way by Roman engineers (c. 312 BC).

 

The great wall of China by General Meng T.’ien under orders from Ch.’ in Emperor Shih Hiang Ti (c. 220 BC) and the stupas constructed in ancient Sri Lanka like the Jetavanaramaya and the extensive irrigation works in Anuradhapura.

 

The Romans developed civil structures throughout their empire, including especially aqueducts, insulae, harbors, bridges, dams, and roads.

 

Other remarkable historical structures are Sennacherib’s Aqueduct at Jerwan built in 691 BC,

Li Ping’s irrigation projects in China (around 220 BC),

Julius Caesar’s Bridge over the Rhine River built in 55 BC,

Pont du Gard (Roman Aqueduct, Nimes, France) built-in 19 BC),

Extensive irrigation system constructed by the Hohokam Indians, Salt River, AZ around 600 AD,

First, dikes defending against high water in Friesland,

The Netherlands around 1000 AD, EL Camino Real – The Royal Road, Eastern Branch, TX and Western Branch, NM(1500s AD).

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Machu Picchu, Peru, built at around 1450, at the height of the Inca Empire is considered an engineering marvel. It was built in the Andes Mountains assisted by some of history’s most ingenious water resource engineers.

 

The people of Machu Picchu built a mountain top city with running water, draining systems, food production and stone structures so advanced they endured for over 500 years.

 

A treatise on Architecture, Book called Vitruvius’De Archiectura, was published at 1 AD in Rome and survived to give us a look at engineering education in ancient times.

 

It was probably written around 15 BC by the Roman architect Vitruvius and dedicated to his patron, the emperor Caesar Augustus, as a guide for building projects.

 

Throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and construction was carried out by an artisan, such as stonemasons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder.

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Knowledge was retained in guilds and seldom, supplanted by advances. Structures, roads, and infrastructure that existed were repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental.

 

One of the earliest examples of a the scientific approach to physical and mathematical problems applicable to civil engineering is the work of Archimedes in the 3^rd century BC, including the Archimedes Principle, which underpins our understanding of buoyancy, and practical solutions such as Archimedes’ screw.

 

Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician used arithmetic in the 7^th century AD, based on Hindu-Arabic numerals, for excavation (vol.) computations.

 

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